Periodontitis y la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Categories: Consejos Dentales

Nuevas evidencias confirman la asociación entre Periodontitis y enfermedad de Alzheimer.

 

¿Y si una de las causas de la enfermedad de Alzheimer pudiera ser una infección oral, y más concretamente, la periodontitis? Así se ha sospechado durante años, y ahora nuevas evidencias apuntan hacia esta teoría. Un artículo recientemente publicado en la revista científica ‘Science Advances’ recoge estudios preclínicos y clínicos que explican los posibles mecanismos patofisiológicos por los que Porphyromonas gingivalis, el patógeno más relevante en periodontitis, podría intervenir en la etiología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Y, además, indican un posible tratamiento, que ya se estaría evaluando en estudios clínicos.

 

Los hallazgos de este estudio representan un avance fundamental en la demostración de la asociación de periodontitis con la enfermedad de Alzheimer

 

El artículo, titulado “Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors”, ha despertado un gran interés entre la comunidad científica y a nivel de los medios de comunicación social. “Está publicación corrobora una serie de recientes investigaciones sobre la estrecha relación entre Alzheimer y periodontitis, debido a las bacterias implicadas y los estados inflamatorios comunes”, apunta el Presidente de la Fundación SEPA, el Dr. Adrián Guerrero.

Analizando la trascendencia del artículo de Science Advances, el Dr. David Herrera, Patrono de la Fundación SEPA, afirma que sus hallazgos “representan un avance fundamental en la demostración de la asociación de periodontitis con la enfermedad de Alzheimer”.

Como indica este experto, Profesor Titular de Periodoncia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y miembro del Grupo de Investigación Etiología y Terapéutica de Enfermedades Periodontales (ETEP), “la posible asociación entre periodontitis y enfermedad de Alzheimer se planteó ya hace años, y podría explicarse de manera bidireccional: por un lado, el deterioro cognitivo progresivo limitaría los hábitos de higiene bucodentales, afectando a la salud oral; y, por otro lado, el proceso inmuno-inflamatorio crónico y la inflamación sistémica secundaria a la periodontitis podría inducir fenómenos neuro-inflamatorios que favorecieran la enfermedad de Alzheimer”.

Esta última hipótesis es la que se ha demostrado en la serie de estudios que se detallan en el artículo recientemente publicado, explicando cómo un patógeno bacteriano de la periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis (de hecho, el patógeno periodontal más relevante, y el más frecuente en periodontitis), es capaz, a través de sus toxinas gingipaínas, de reproducir los procesos pato-fisiológicos asociados a la enfermedad de Alzheimer en diferentes modelos animales, y otros estudios preclínicos, pero también se confirma su detección en humanos, tanto en necropsias como en pacientes.

El estudio sugiere que el proceso inmuno-inflamatorio crónico y la inflamación sistémica secundaria a la periodontitis induce fenómenos neuro-inflamatorios que favorecen la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Sin embargo, el impacto de este artículo científico va más allá de la demostración de los posibles mecanismos mencionados. Como resalta el Dr. Herrera, “además propone, y demuestra su viabilidad en estudios preclínicos, tratamientos experimentales mediante bloqueo de las gingipaínas, y señala, en la conclusión, que ya se están evaluando en estudios en humanos”.

Sobre el estudio

Aunque los primeros autores del estudio son Stephen S. Dominy y Casey Lynch, que trabajan para la empresa Cortexyme (encargada del desarrollo de los inhibidores de la gingipaína), han liderado a un grupo de investigadores de universidades de cinco países diferentes (EE.UU., Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Polonia y Noruega), que presentan, sumando diferentes estudios, evidencias convincentes y con relevantes repercusiones tanto para entender la etiología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, como para plantear alternativas terapéuticas novedosas y para, finalmente, dar aún más relevancia a la necesidad de cuidar la salud de las encías.

Se han llevado a cabo experimentos con ratones, en los que se provocaban infecciones orales con el patógeno, que condujeron a que las bacterias llegaran al cerebro y que éste produjera el péptido beta amiloide (Aβ), la proteína asociada con el Alzheimer. Los científicos creen que aún no han descubierto el origen de esta enfermedad degenerativa, pero están convencidos de que esta línea de investigación es importante.

Stephen Dominy, que coordina la investigación a través de la farmacéutica Cortexyme, ha asegurado que «los agentes infecciosos han estado implicados en el desarrollo y la progresión del Alzheimer antes, pero la evidencia de la causalidad no había sido convincente. Ahora, por primera vez, tenemos pruebas sólidas que conectan el patógeno intracelular P. gingivalis y la enfermedad de Alzheimer».

La afectación cerebral con Porphyromonas gingivalis no es el resultado de una atención dental deficiente después del inicio de la demencia o una consecuencia de la enfermedad, sino un evento temprano que puede asociarse con la patología antes del deterioro cognitivo.

Los autores de la investigación aseguran que la identificación de antígenos de gingipaína en los cerebros de pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad de Alzheimer, y también en personas con patología de esta enfermedad pero sin haber sido diagnosticados de demencia, sugiere que la infección cerebral con Porphyromonas gingivalis no es el resultado de una atención dental deficiente después del inicio de la demencia o una consecuencia de la enfermedad, sino un evento temprano que puede explicar la patología encontrada en personas de mediana edad antes del deterioro cognitivo.

Alzheimer y periodontitis, dos enfermedades muy prevalentes

Independientemente de estos hallazgos, lo que resulta irrefutable es la frecuente convivencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la periodontitis.

Actualmente, se estima que en España la prevalencia de enfermedad de Alzheimer entre 4-9%, siendo el factor de riesgo más relevante la edad, ya que su incidencia se duplica cada 5 años a partir de los 65 años. La demencia resultante tiene un gran impacto sobre su morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad, y además gran impacto social derivado de su grado de dependencia ya que son las familias las que se hacen cargo del 80% de estos enfermos, lo que también afecta directamente a su salud y calidad de vida. El tratamiento actual es fundamentalmente sintomático, con un limitado efecto probado sobre cognición y conducta.

La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria, de etiología infecciosa (bacterias), que afecta los tejidos de soporte dentario provocando su destrucción y, en ausencia de tratamiento, la pérdida de los dientes. En España, en un reciente estudio epidemiológico realizado en población trabajadora, el 38.4% tenía periodontitis, lo que se incrementaba al 65.1% en mayores de 55 años.

 

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